Advanced Tools for Integrated Water Resources Management
John T. Van StanII, ... Jan Friesen, in Advances in Chemical Pollution, Environmental Management and Protection, 2018
Aug 04, 2015 In India, Forest area is a legal status. Forest cover is a geographical status. The government assigns many lands as forests even if some parts of them don't have full tree cover. For instance, there could be rivers, lakes, grasslands rocks. Forests are a critical resource and habitat for life on Earth. They are home to some of the richest areas of biodiversity. How do forest areas vary across the world? What is the extent of forest loss and gain in the world? See global and country-level data on long-term changes in forests.
1 Introduction
Forest cover in urban watersheds around the globe often exceeds 30%, and can be as high as 62%, of the land area.1–3 Greening initiatives are expanding urban forest cover in most developed regions of the world,3 requiring consideration of forest management during urban development planning.4 Integrating forest management and urban development planning is, however, a complex task. This is because the urban landscapes' spatial and temporal vegetation patterns are not simply constrained by physical variables (climate, soil types, etc.) but are also intimately tied to political,5 socioeconomic,6 public safety,7,8 and cultural (plant selection for privacy screening, aesthetics, etc.) variables.9 The compromise between these variables can result in vegetation patterns that significantly alter urban hydrological processes (Fig. 1). This is because management actions select (sometimes inadvertently) for specific physical and physiological canopy traits, many of which control urban forest water relations.11,12
The need for managers to balance societal water practices (especially stormwater management)13 with the forest hydrological processes that support the multitude of ecosystem services provided by urban forests14 is a relatively recent circumstance (and challenge) in the history of urban watershed management. Water availability, our proficiency in managing it, and the associated costs have long regulated the establishment and expansion of urban landscapes.15 In addition, forests have been linked to critical hydrological processes—such as stormwater runoff reduction16 and water filtration17—yet a global assessment of cities revealed that most do not report the extent to which water quality depends on their forest cover, structure, or health.15 This lack of documentation limits monitoring and assessment of the hydrological consequences of urban forest alterations or development.
Perhaps the lack of extensive geographical documentation, regarding urban forest interactions with water resources, is in part a product of urban forest management practices that have not been thoroughly integrated into water resource management. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to synthesize results on how urban forest setting, canopy manipulation, and species selection may be used by urban water managers to influence the first interaction between forests and meteoric water (canopy precipitation partitioning). The structure of the chapter begins with Section 2 detailing the economic relevance of urban forestry to IWRM (Fig. 1). Then, Section 3 introduces precipitation partitioning and its connection to the urban canopy's manageable structural traits, including forest setting (Section 3.1), trimming practices (Section 3.2), and species selection (Section 3.3). As many urban forests face increased extreme storm frequency due to hydrological intensification,18–22Section 4 details a case study of precipitation partitioning among different forest settings during an extreme storm. Since precipitation partitioning affects the elemental composition of water entering the urban environment, Section 5 presents major factors that influence canopy capture and exchange of atmospheric deposition. Finally, Section 6 concludes with discussion on how urban water managers can influence forests to assist to achieve management goals. The focus on the water–vegetation interactions that initiate the rain-to-runoff flow path is a critical and logical step toward the integration of urban forestry into IWRM, as it influences the precipitation available to subsequent surficial processes,23 its spatiotemporal patterning,24 and its initial nutrient concentrations.25
This article is a list of countries by forest area. Types of places listed include the entire planet, continents, regions, countries, provinces, states, and territories. Percentage data was calculated using information from the CIA's World Factbook 2011.[1]
Planet, continents and regions[edit]
Region | Forest area (km2) | Source |
---|---|---|
World | 39,000,000 | [2] |
Polar regions | 13,800,000 | [2] |
Latin America and the Caribbean | 9,640,000 | [2] |
East Asia and the Pacific | N/D | |
Africa | 6,500,000 | [2][3] |
Canada and the United States | N/D | |
European Union | 1,600,000 | [4] |
West Asia | 36,600 | [2][5] |
Countries[edit]
Rank | Country | Forest area (km2) | Source | % Forest |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Russia | 8,149,300 | [6] | 49.40% |
2 | Canada | 4,916,438 | [5] | 49.24% |
3 | Brazil | 4,776,980 | [5] | 56.10% |
4 | United States | 3,100,950 | [5] | 33.84% |
5 | China | 2,083,210 | [7] | 21.83% |
6 | Australia | 1,250,000 | [8] | 16.00% |
7 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1,172,704 | [9] | 50.00% |
8 | Argentina | 945,336 | [10] | 34.00% |
9 | Indonesia | 884,950 | [11] | 46.46% |
10 | India | 802,088 | [12] | 24.68% |
11 | Mexico | 710,000 | [13] | 36.50% |
12 | Peru | 687,420 | [5] | 53.49% |
13 | Sudan | 675,460 | [5] | 26.96% |
14 | Mozambique | 620,000 | [14] | 78.00% |
15 | Colombia | 607,280 | [5] | 53.32% |
16 | Angola | 591,040 | [5] | 47.41% |
17 | Bolivia | 587,400 | [5] | 53.47% |
18 | Venezuela | 471,378 | [5] | 51.68% |
19 | Myanmar | 430,560 | [15] | 63.64% |
20 | Zambia | 376,309 | [16] | 50.00% |
21 | Tanzania | 352,570 | [5] | 37.22% |
22 | Sudan | 327,909 | 17.62% | |
23 | Papua New Guinea | 294,370 | [5] | 63.60% |
24 | Sweden | 280,730 | [17] | 68.95% |
25 | Zimbabwe | 259,267 | [18] | 66.35% |
26 | Japan | 253,203 | [19] | 67.00% |
27 | France | 246,640 | [20] | 36.76% |
28 | Finland | 233,320 | [21] | 72.00% |
29 | Central African Republic | 227,550 | [5] | 36.53% |
30 | Gabon | 227,517 | [22] | 85.00% |
31 | Republic of the Congo | 224,710 | [5] | 65.70% |
32 | Turkey | 216,781 | [23] | 27.60% |
33 | Cameroon | 212,450 | [5] | 44.68% |
34 | Malaysia | 195,200 | [24] | 59.50% |
35 | Paraguay | 184,750 | [5] | 45.42% |
36 | Spain | 184,180 | [25] | 36.70% |
37 | Laos | 170,000 | [26] | 71.60% |
38 | Chile | 158,781 | [27] | 21.00% |
39 | Guyana | 151,040 | [5] | 70.26% |
40 | South Sudan | 148,196 | [28] | 23.00% |
41 | Suriname | 147,760 | [5] | 90.20% |
42 | Thailand | 147,620 | [29] | 29.00% |
43 | Madagascar | 128,380 | [5] | 21.87% |
44 | Mali | 125,720 | [5] | 10.14% |
45 | Vietnam | 123,000 | [30] | 37.14% |
46 | Norway | 121,120 | [5] | 37.42% |
47 | Botswana | 119,430 | [5] | 20.53% |
48 | Chad | 119,210 | [5] | 09.28% |
49 | Ecuador | 115,510 | [31] | 42.00% |
50 | Germany | 114,190 | [32] | 32.00% |
51 | Niger | 112,000 | [33] | 08.00% |
52 | Morocco | 111,325 | [34] | 15.66% |
53 | Nigeria | 110,890 | [5] | 12.00% |
54 | Iran | 110,750 | [5] | 06.72% |
55 | Guatemala | 108,894 | [35] | 51.00% |
56 | Italy | 106,736 | [36] | 35.00% |
57 | Ukraine | 105,000 | [37] | 17.00% |
58 | Mongolia | 102,520 | [5] | 06.55% |
59 | Cambodia | 93,350 | [38] | 51.56% |
60 | Poland | 90,000 | [39] | 28.80% |
61 | South Africa | 89,170 | [40] | 07.31% |
62 | Senegal | 86,730 | [5] | 44.09% |
63 | New Zealand | 85,424 | [41] | 31.87% |
64 | Belarus | 80,334 | [42] | 38.60% |
65 | Namibia | 76,610 | [5] | 09.29% |
66 | North Korea | 76,240 | [43] | 73.00% |
67 | Philippines | 71,620 | [5] | 23.87% |
68 | Somalia | 71,310 | [5] | 11.18% |
69 | Romania | 69,610 | [5] | 29.02% |
70 | Burkina Faso | 67,940 | [5] | 24.78% |
71 | Honduras | 67,254 | [44] | 60.00% |
72 | Guinea | 67,240 | [5] | 27.35% |
73 | South Korea | 63,346 | [45] | 63.20% |
74 | Benin | 61,860 | [46] | 54.93% |
75 | Kazakhstan | 54,498 | [47] | 02.00% |
76 | Nicaragua | 51,890 | [5] | 39.80% |
77 | Uganda | 50,000 | [48] | 20.74% |
78 | Panama | 42,940 | [5] | 56.93% |
79 | Pakistan | 42,240 | [49] | 05.31% |
80 | Algeria | 42,000 | [50] | 01.70% |
81 | Turkmenistan | 41,270 | [5] | 08.46% |
82 | Austria | 39,600 | [51] | 47.20% |
83 | Ethiopia | 39,313 | [52] | 03.56% |
84 | Greece | 37,520 | [5] | 28.43% |
85 | Nepal | 36,360 | [53] | 44.7% |
86 | Bulgaria | 36,250 | [5] | 32.69% |
87 | Malawi | 33,176 | [54] | 28.00% |
88 | Portugal | 31,820 | [55] | 34.80% |
89 | Liberia | 31,540 | [5] | 28.32% |
90 | Ivory Coast | 30,000 | [56] | 09.30% |
91 | Latvia | 28,807 | [57] | 60.00% |
92 | United Kingdom | 28,650 | [58] | 11.76% |
93 | Georgia | 28,577 | [59] | 41.00% |
94 | Sierra Leone | 27,540 | [5] | 38.39% |
95 | Serbia | 27,200 | [60] | 31.13% |
96 | Cuba | 27,130 | [5] | 24.47% |
97 | Saudi Arabia | 27,000 | [61] | 01.26% |
98 | Czech Republic | 26,000 | [62] | 34.00% |
99 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 25,599 | [63] | 53.00% |
100 | Croatia | 24,901 | [64] | 44.00% |
101 | Bhutan | 24,764 | [65] | 70.46% |
102 | Ghana | 24,600 | [66] | 10.20% |
103 | Estonia | 23,066 | [67] | 61.00% |
104 | Solomon Islands | 22,534 to 23,117 | [68] | 78.00 to 80.00% |
105 | Taiwan | 21,588 | [69] | 60.00% |
106 | Lithuania | 21,223 | [70] | 33.00% |
107 | Hungary | 20,990 | [71] | 23.00% |
108 | Guinea-Bissau | 20,720 | [5] | 57.36% |
- | Tunisia | 2,601 | [72][73] | 1.59% |
110 | Costa Rica | 20,440 | [74] | 40.00% |
111 | Slovakia | 20,006 | [75] | 40.80% |
112 | Uzbekistan | 19,690 | [76] | 04.40% |
113 | Sri Lanka | 19,330 | [77] | 29.46% |
114 | Belize | 16,530 | [5] | 71.98% |
115 | Equatorial Guinea | 16,320 | [5] | 58.18% |
116 | Eritrea | 15,540 | [5] | 13.21% |
117 | Dominican Republic | 13,384 | [78] | 27.50% |
118 | Kenya | 13,200 | [79] | 02.27% |
119 | Oman | 13,050 | [80] | 04.22% |
120 | Slovenia | 12,574 | [81] | 62.02% |
121 | Switzerland | 12,540 | [82] | 31.80% |
122 | Azerbaijan | 11,400 | [5] | 13.17% |
123 | North Macedonia | 10,285 | [83] | 40.00% |
124 | Fiji | 10,000 | [5] | 54.72% |
125 | Bangladesh | 8,710 | [5] | 06.05% |
126 | Kyrgyzstan | 8,690 | [5] | 04.35% |
127 | Iraq | 8,220 | [5] | 01.88% |
128 | Togo | 8,000 | [84] | 14.00% |
129 | Timor-Leste | 7,980 | [5] | 53.65% |
130 | Albania | 7,716 | [85] | 26.84% |
131 | Ireland | 7,540 | [5] | 11.07% |
132 | Uruguay | 7,000 | [86] | 04.00% |
133 | Belgium | 6,834 | [87] | 22.38% |
134 | Montenegro | 6,252 | [88] | 45.26% |
135 | Denmark | 6,120 | [89] | 14.20% |
136 | Bahamas | 5,150 | [5] | 51.45% |
137 | Gambia | 4,857 | [90] | 43.00% |
138 | Syria | 4,610 | [91] | 02.49% |
139 | Yemen | 4,490 | [92] | 00.85% |
140 | Vanuatu | 4,470 | [93] | 36.67% |
141 | Tajikistan | 4,100 | [94] | 02.87% |
142 | Netherlands | 3,650 | [5] | 08.79% |
143 | Jamaica | 3,308 | [95] | 30.10% |
144 | Moldova | 3,290 | [5] | 09.72% |
145 | Rwanda | 3,161 | [96] | 12.00% |
146 | United Arab Emirates | 3,120 | [5] | 03.73% |
147 | El Salvador | 2,980 | [5] | 14.16% |
148 | Armenia | 2,974 | [97] | 10.00% |
149 | Brunei | 2,780 | [5] | 48.22% |
150 | Mauritania | 2,670 | [5] | 00.26% |
151 | Trinidad and Tobago | 2,260 | [5] | 44.07% |
152 | Libya | 2,170 | [5] | 00.12% |
153 | Iceland | 1,930 | [98] | 02.00% |
154 | Cyprus | 1,740 | [5] | 18.81% |
155 | Afghanistan | 1,631 | [99] | 00.25% |
156 | Israel | 1,600 | [100] | 07.00% |
157 | Lebanon | 1,383 | [101] | 13.30% |
158 | Burundi | 1,270 | [102] | 04.50% |
159 | Samoa | 1,050 | [103] | 37.00% |
160 | Jordan | 893 | [104] | 01.00% |
161 | Luxembourg | 870 | [5] | 33.64% |
162 | Cape Verde | 840 | [5] | 20.83% |
163 | Egypt | 670 | [5] | 00.07% |
164 | Micronesia | 630 | [5] | 89.74% |
165 | Mauritius | 612 | [105] | 30.00% |
166 | Dominica | 488 | [106] | 65.00% |
167 | Haiti | 8,300 | [107] | 30.00% |
168 | Seychelles | 407 | [108] | 89.45% |
169 | Palau | 400 | [5] | 87.15% |
170 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 270 | [5] | 28.01% |
171 | Eswatini (Swaziland) | 174 | [109] | 01.00% |
172 | Saint Lucia | 170 | [5] | 27.60% |
173 | Andorra | 160 | [5] | 34.19% |
174 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 127 | [110] | 32.56% |
175 | Antigua and Barbuda | 90 | [111] | 21.00% |
176 | Palestine | 90 | [5] | 01.45% |
177 | Lesotho | 80 | [5] | 00.26% |
178 | Liechtenstein | 70 | [5] | 43.75% |
179 | Djibouti | 60 | [5] | 00.26% |
180 | Kuwait | 60 | [5] | 00.34% |
181 | Comoros | 50 | [5] | 02.24% |
182 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 50 | [5] | 19.16% |
183 | Grenada | 40 | [5] | 11.63% |
184 | Tonga | 40 | [112] | 05.35% |
185 | Tuvalu | 23 | [113] | 89.12% |
186 | Barbados | 20 | [5] | 04.65% |
187 | Kiribati | 20 | [5] | 02.47% |
188 | Singapore | 20 | [114] | 03.00% |
189 | Maldives | 10 | [5] | 03.56% |
190 | Bahrain | 5 | N/C | 00.67% |
191 | Malta | 3 | N/C | 00.95% |
192 | San Marino | 1 | N/C | 01.64% |
193 | Qatar | 9 | [115] | 00.07% |
- Sudan is listed as 13th and 22nd
Provinces, states and territories[edit]
Place | Forest area (km2) | Source | % Forest |
---|---|---|---|
Krasnoyarsk Krai | 1,510,016 | [116] | 63.80% |
Sakha Republic | 1,500,000 | [117] | 47.00% |
Ontario | 780,080 | 85.00% | |
Quebec | 761,100 | [118] | 55.75% |
Northwest Territories | 570,418 | 50.00% | |
British Columbia | 566,841 | [119] | 60.00% |
Alaska | 522,044 | [120] | 30.39% |
Nunavut | 469,447 | 25.00% | |
Manitoba | 411,270 | 75.00% | |
Alberta | 384,049 | 60.00% | |
Loreto | 365,163 | 99.00% | |
Queensland | 346,130 | 20.00% | |
Saskatchewan | 325,419 | 55.00% | |
Yukon Territory | 260,915 | 55.00% | |
Newfoundland and Labrador | 243,017 | 65.00% | |
France (Metropolitan) | 170,000 | [121] | 30.95% |
New South Wales | 96,077 | 12.00% | |
French Guiana | 83,000 | [20] | 99.00% |
Victoria | 79,596 | 35.00% | |
New Brunswick | 60,733 | 85.00% | |
Western Australia | 50,598 | 02.00% | |
Tasmania | 44,461 | 65.00% | |
Newfoundland | 41,440 | [122] | 38.07% |
Northern Territory | 40,474 | 03.00% | |
Nova Scotia | 40,004 | 75.00% | |
South Australia | 29,504 | 03.00% | |
Hawaii | 13,300 | N/C | 46.98% |
Scotland | 13,107 | [123] | 17.00% |
Western Sahara | 10,110 | [5] | 03.80% |
England | 9,128 | [5] | 7.00% |
New Caledonia | 7,170 | [5] | 38.60% |
Wallonia | 5,448 | 32.40% | |
Canary Islands | 5,000 | [124] | 66.73% |
Puerto Rico | 4,080 | [5] | 29.59% |
Corsica | 4,018 | [125] | 46.00% |
Wales | 2,493 | [5] | 11.90% |
French Polynesia | 2,000 | [126] | 52.30% |
Prince Edward Island | 1,705 | 30.00% | |
Flanders | 1,464 | 10.80% | |
Reunion | 1,370 | [127] | 53.00% |
Northern Ireland | 830.6 | [5] | 6.00% |
Azores | 830 | [128] | 35.38% |
Guadeloupe | 640 | [20] | 39.00% |
Martinique | 490 | [20] | 46.00% |
Hong Kong | 400 | [129] | 36.36% |
Turks and Caicos Islands | 340 | [5] | 35.86% |
Northern Mariana Islands | 330 | [5] | 71.12% |
Guam | 260 | [5] | 47.79% |
American Samoa | 180 | [5] | 90.45% |
Niue | 169 to 182 | [130] | 65.00 to 70.00% |
Madeira | 150 | [131] | 18.73% |
Cook Islands | 142 | [132] | 60.00% |
Mayotte | 140 | [20] | 37.00% |
Cayman Islands | 120 | [5] | 45.45% |
United States Virgin Islands | 100 | [5] | 28.87% |
Anguilla | 55 | N/C | 60.44% |
Wallis and Futuna | 47 | N/C | 33.10% |
British Virgin Islands | 40 | [5] | 26.49% |
Montserrat | 35 | N/C | 34.31% |
Pitcairn | 35 | N/C | 74.47% |
Isle of Man | 30 | [5] | 05.24% |
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 30 | [5] | 12.40% |
Saint Helena | 20 | [5] | 16.39% |
Brussels | 17.35 | 10.00% | |
Netherlands Antilles | 12 | N/C | 01.50% |
Bermuda | 10 | [5] | 18.52% |
Channel Islands | 8 | N/C | 04.12% |
Aruba | 4 | N/C | 02.22% |
Greenland | 2 | N/C | 00.00% |
Faroe Islands | 1 | N/C | 00.07% |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
- Official environment statistics by country - Detailed country level environment statistics by unstats.un.org
- Turkey General Directorate of Forestry - Official Web Site of Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Forestry General Directorate of Forestry
- Countries With Largest Forest Area by FRA2010 -The FRA 2010 Country Reports have been compiled by officially nominated country correspondents in collaboration with FAO staff.